Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood (1819-1892),
subprioress, the second to die during the pandemic

We left the Lisieux Carmel after the death of the first victim of the influenza epidemic, Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, who died on Saturday morning, January 2, 1892.  Her funeral had been set for the morning of Tuesday, January 5, and her body laid out, according to custom, in the choir.  But the evening before her funeral Mass God called another elder of the community, Sister Febronie of Jesus, the subprioress, who died at 8:00 p.m. on Monday, January 4^th.  The next morning Celine Martin wrote to her cousin, Jeanne LaNeele:

The poor Carmel is right now a prey to the influenza epidemic, the plague is raging there in full force. This morning we were at the burial of the religious who died on Saturday, and on Friday we shall return for another burial, that of the Mother Subprioress, who died last night.  There are still two of the three sick ones whom they despair of saving, among them Sister Madeleine, aunt of Madame St. Benoît at the Abbey, and another religious whom I do not know. Up until now, it is the older ones who are leaving, but the young are also very sick. Pauline has been in bed for a few days now . . . [1]

Read the full text of this letter on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.

Let’s look first at a brief summary of Sister Febronie’s life.  More details can be found on the page “Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood” on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.  I thank the Carmelites of Lisieux for sharing all this information.

Marie-Julie Malville  

Marie-Julie Malville, known as Julie, was born in Paris on October 31, 1819, the daughter of a tailor.  Her sister Pauline was born 16 months later.  Their mother, Marie-Jeanne Paris, died when Julie was only five.  At first the father had to entrust the two little girls to a friend of their mother’s, but he soon remarried and moved his family to Rouen, where Julie and Pauline were placed in a convent boarding school.  Julie developed a passion for study; she did not want to leave her books even to play the customary games.  Later the family moved to Lisieux, where Julie encountered Carmel.

Fr. Pierre-Nicolas Sauvage, priest-founder of the Lisieux CarmAbout 1838, in the neighborhood of the Nouveau Monde, outside Lisieux and near Les Buissonnets, Fr. Pierre-Nicolas Sauvage, curate of Saint Jacques parish in Lisieux, would sometimes meet the two Malville girls and their mother returning from church.  Thinking of the monastery he had just founded, he wondered whether one of them might be a future Carmelite.  One day the two girls came to his confessional, and he became Julie’s spiritual director.  When she learned that he was the priest-superior of the Carmelites, her early thoughts of religious life returned to her.  Fearing that Julie's health would not support the austere rule of Carmel, Fr. Sauvage tried to persuade her against it, but finally he allowed her to present herself to the Carmelites.  At the end of 1841 she was received as a visitor by the prioress, Mother Elizabeth of St. Louis, who had hardly blessed the candidate when she herself was called to God on January 3, 1842.  Like Therese, Mother Elizabeth died of tuberculosis.  Mother Genevieve of St. Teresa, who received Julie Malville into the CarmelHer successor, Mother Genevieve of St. Teresa, received Julie on the day she was elected prioress: January 15, 1842.  Julie was the eighth postulant since the Carmel had opened in 1838. 

In Carmel: Sister Febronie

Julie, now Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood, adapted well to Carmelite life.  In her circular Mother Gonzague wrote that she

“was from her entrance a model of regularity, of silence and of piety. This was truly an interior soul who loved solitary life and to be hidden in God. Our good older Mothers recognizing the young religious as someone filled with qualities that bring joy and hope to the community, received her with happiness . . .”[2]  

She received the habit on May 24, 1842 and professed her vows on July 15, 1843.  Francois Robin, bishop of BayeuxHer taking of the veil was postponed until October 27^th so that the bishop, Francois Robin, might preside.  Although the documents hint that M. Malville had not been eager to consent to his daughter’s entrance, at her taking of the veil the bishop noticed him at the grille asking Julie’s forgiveness and offering her his own.  He was generous in gifts to the desperately poor community.

Sister Febronie was appointed by turns infirmarian, laundress, and dressmaker.  In 1860, she was elected subprioress.  In this role she served off and on for a total of 14 years; she was subprioress from Therese’s entrance until her own death.  Mother Gonzague wrote that, as subprioress, Sister Febronie “was the happiness and joy of her Mother Prioresses, remaining always united with them in the same views and feelings.”[3]  (These prioresses were Mother Genevieve and Mother Gonzague).

When the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 came close to Lisieux, the families of some of the nuns asked to be allowed to take their daughters home to keep them safe.  Sister Febronie’s family, now living in Rennes, offered her refuge, but she preferred the Carmel of Rennes, which had already taken in the whole Carmelite community of Compiegne.  There they preserved “a good remembrance” of her.[4]

Sister Therese as a novice and Sister Febronie

Sister Therese of the Child Jesus as a novice, aged 16, January 1889In Story of a Soul, without naming Sister Febronie, Therese gives an account of their conversation during recreation.  It was during her first two years in Carmel, when she was having difficulty confiding in her novice mistress, Marie of the Angels:

It was only with great effort that I was able to take direction, for I had never become accustomed to speaking about my soul and I didn’t know how to express what was going on within it. One good old Mother understood one day what I was experiencing, and she said laughingly during recreation: “My child, it seems to me you don’t have very much to tell your Superiors.” “Why do you say that, Mother?” “Because your soul is extremely simple, but when you will be perfect, you will be even more simple; the closer one approaches to God, the simpler one becomes.” The good Mother was right . . . . [5]

Sister Febronie during the influenza epidemic

The epidemic of influenza made it necessary for Sister Febronie to step quickly into the prioress’s role.  Sister Febronie was not one of the first affected by influenza.  Twelve others, including Mother Gonzague, were already very ill when, as the monastery’s documents attest, on New Year’s Eve 1891 Sister Febronie, as subprioress, had just escorted Dr. de Corniere to the enclosure door when she suddenly felt herself stricken.  It’s worth noting that Sister Febronie, then 72, died only four days later.  The pandemic was truly deadly.  Mother Gonzague wrote that, as Sister Febronie lay dying, she called for her prioress.  “Our good Mother Sub-Prioress heroically accepted her trial, crying out in her agony, “Yet another sacrifice!...O my Jesus, I offer this to you…”  In Sister Febronie’s circular you can read more of Mother Gonzague’s distress at being unable to accompany any of her three daughters in their last moments.

The Bridegroom came for Sister Febronie on Monday, January 4, at eight o’clock in the evening. Therese was present.  She tells us:

The night Mother Subprioress died I was all alone with the infirmarian[6]. It’s impossible to imagine the sad state of the community at this time; the ones who were up and about can give some idea of the conditions, but in the midst of this abandonment I felt that God was watching over us. It was without effort that the dying passed on to a better life, and immediately after their death an expression of joy and peace covered their faces and gave the impression almost that they were only asleep. Surely this was true because, after the image of this world has passed away, they will awaken to enjoy eternally the delights reserved for the Elect.[7]

Since Therese speaks of “their faces," and since we know that she did not witness the death of the third nun, Sister Madeleine of the Blessed Sacrament, we can infer that she had been present at the death of Sister Saint-Joseph on Saturday morning.  Since the chaplain was with Sister Saint-Joseph in her final hours, it is clear that the Carmelites knew that she was near death, so it’s all the more likely that Therese was with her.  Observing that the dying women made their transition “without effort” and seeing the “expression of joy and peace”  that covered their faces deeply moved Therese, confirming the belief she had formed from being present at the death of the Carmel’s saintly founder that death was nothing to fear.[8]

Therese’s attitude toward death

Indeed, for the rest of her life Therese’s attitude toward death was not only matter-of-fact but also joyous.  Sister Marie of the Angels, her novice mistress, testified:

She did not fear death, which, she said, was “the only way to reach God.”  Nor was she afraid of purgatory, saying that it was “the least of her worries.”[9]

Sister Therese of St. Augustine, the nun for whom Therese felt a strong natural antipathy but whom she befriended, testified that Therese

“spoke to me many times about her desire to die, and her eyes shone with happiness every time the subject was brought up . . . . The thought of her approaching death brought her only joy and hope.”  

She also reported that Therese was in the habit of saying

"I cannot understand why people get so upset when they see their Sisters die; we are all going to heaven and we will meet one another there again.”[10]

Sister Febronie and Therese: divine justice or infinite mercy?

Another conversation between Sister Febronie and Sister Therese was recorded by Marie of the Angels, who dates it at the end of 1891, after Therese’s liberating conversation with Fr. Alexis Prou in October:

Sister Therese of the Child Jesus knew Sister Febronie perfectly.  It’s a saying of this good Sister that I am quoting to you . . . . One day, our Angel and Sister Febronie were having a spiritual conversation together in which this venerated Sister, who was a little fearful, defended to excess the claims of divine justice, and our angel, those of infinite mercy, but the latter, seeing that she was getting nowhere and still remaining in her opinion, ended by saying [to Sister Febronie] seriously, and we might almost say divinely:  “Sister, if you want God’s justice, you will get God’s justice.  The soul receives exactly what it expects from God.”

After her death Sister Febronie appears once more in Therese’s story in a postlude to this conversation.  Marie of the Angels continues:

But the year when this sister died in the first days of January [1892], on the day of the feast of St. Julie [May 22], Sister Febronie’s patron saint for her baptism, Sister Therese of the Child Jesus saw in a dream a procession of Carmelites, among whom was Sister Febronie . . . She turned her head sadly and, without saying anything, fixed on our holy child a long and sad gaze!  Her attitude was pleading, much more expressive than any words.  This dream was reported to our Mother [Gonzague]; it had greatly impressed the little apostle of love and mercy:  “O Mother,” she said to her, “Sister Febronie came to me tonight to ask us to pray for her; she is probably in Purgatory, for not having counted enough on the Mercy of God!  By her pleading air and her profound gaze, she seemed to be saying to me:  “You were right, all justice has been served on me, but it is my fault; if I had believed you, I would have gone straight to heaven!”[11]

Sister Febronie was considered a good and holy nun, much loved by her superiors and her sisters. She was elected subprioress several times, and Therese called her a “good old Mother.”  It is difficult to imagine what serious sins she could have committed in almost 50 years in the Lisieux Carmel.  Therese’s statement “If you want God’s justice, you will have God’s justice” and her interpretation of her dream raise the question of whether, since God is free, the operation of God’s mercy can be constrained by the attitude of a human being toward that mercy.  Could “purgatory” here be the process of being purified from all fear?  Nevertheless, both the conversation and the dream serve to underscore the crucial importance Therese attached to the soul’s confidence in God.  The dream might have been Therese’s unconscious mind revealing to her the vital role of confidence, or one might call it a posthumous gift from God to Sister Febronie, allowing her to confirm to Therese the rightness and significance of the way of confidence and love Therese would discover two and a half years later.  Since Sister Febronie died at the very beginning of 1892, her novice mistress's account of the conversation and the dream make clear that Therese emphasized confidence as early as 1891, when she was only 18.  Further, even as a young professed speaking to her elderly subprioress, Therese was prepared to insist on God’s infinite mercy and on the confidence with which we should respond to it.  About five years later, after having discovered her way of confidence and love, Therese would write to her sister Marie “It is confidence, and nothing but confidence, that must lead us to love.”

[1] Letter of Celine Martin to Jeanne La Neele, January 5, 1892, at the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/celine-martin-soeur-genevieve/2809-de-celine-a-jeanne-la-neele-5-janvier-1892, accessed 6/4/2020.

[2] Circular of Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/f%C3%A9bronie/circulaire-de-f%C3%A9bronie, accessed 6/4/2020.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Story of a Soul, 3^rd ed., tr. John Clarke, O.C.D.  Washington, D.C.: Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, 1996, p. 151.

[6] Sister Aimee of Jesus, the first infirmarian.  Although Sister Aimee was affected by influenza, she must have been well enough to help care for Sister Febronie at this time, for the prioress wrote that, since she herself, “detained in the infirmary,” could not help Sister Febronie, she “entrusted her to our devoted infirmarian.” Perhaps Sister Aimee of Jesus did not get sick until after Sister Febronie’s death.

[7] Story of a Soul, op. cit., p. 172.

[8] “125 Years Ago With Saint Therese: The Death of Mother Genevieve, founder of the Lisieux Carmel, on December 5, 1891,” by Maureen O’Riordan at http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/my-blog-about-st-therese/2016/12/4/125-years-ago-with-saint-therese-the-death-of-mother-genevie.html, accessed 6/4/2020.

[9] Testimony of Marie of the Angels, Apostolic Process, questions 22-26, [869].  http://archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/10-marie-des-anges, accessed 6/4/2020.

[10] St.Therese of Lisieux by those who knew her, ed. Christopher O’Mahony.  Dublin: Veritas Press, 1975, p. 192.

[11] Preparatory notes [for the Process] of Sister Marie of the Angels, on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/la-ma%C3%AEtresse-des-novices/marie-des-anges2/plusieurs-t%C3%A9moignages-de-marie-des-anges/notes-pr%C3%A9paratoires, accessed May 31, 2020.  My translation.  Translation copyright Maureen O’Riordan 2020.  All rights reserved.

Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus (1809-1892),
the first postulant of the Lisieux Carmel

Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, the first victim of the influenza, was the oldest nun living in the Lisieux Carmel and had been its first postulant.  When Therese entered in 1888, Sister Saint-Joseph and Mother Genevieve were the only two nuns there who had participated in the founding of the Lisieux Carmel in 1838.

Eugenie Lerebourg: her childhood

As we know little about Sister Saint-Joseph’s life in Carmel, I will go into some detail about her early life and her part in the foundation.[1]  She was not a native of Normandy.  She had been born Marie-Eugenie Lerebourg, in the commune of Saint-Meen-le-Grand in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany

Saint-Meen-le-Grand Town HallCoat of arms of Saint-Meen-le-GranHer father, Charles, was an officer in the Imperial Army.[2] Her brother Francois, no more than two years old, died a few hours after Eugenie was born.  He was buried on the day of her baptism.  Eugenie’s mother, Julienne Giclais, died in 1813, no more than 34 years old, when Eugenie was only four and a half.  The frequent deaths of the mothers of young children in that era left the widowers unable to care for the children and earn a living for the family, so the personal care of the children became precarious. Since her father, a policeman,[3] could not look after two children, he entrusted Eugenie to the town schoolteacher, from whom, according to the Carmel, she “received more blows than caresses.”[4]  Charles was dismissed from the army in 1816 and died a few years later, leaving Eugenie an orphan.  Her older brother, now living in Brittany, invited Eugenie to stay with him.

Eugenie’s young womanhood

At that time good priests often interested themselves in the many orphans around them and tried to secure their futures by arranging for them to receive care from the Church.  About 1829 Fr. Olivier, a priest who exercised a ministry in the diocese of Bayeux, arranged for Eugenie, then about 20, to become a “lady boarder” with the nuns who administered the mental hospital of the Bon Sauveur in Caen.[5]  The Bon Sauveur Hospital in CaenIn this atmosphere, her heart expanded.  She was inspired by generosity of the sisters, the Daughters of the Bon Sauveur (the “Good Savior”).  Their congregation had been founded in 1720 in Caen by Anne LeRoy, who hoped to take up the work the Visitation of Caen[6] had been forced to leave.[7]  Eugenie was accepted as a novice, but, a year later, showing signs of tuberculosis, she had to leave.  She found a job as an assistant teacher in Caen and later in Lisieux. 

Eugenie encounters the project of a new Carmel

In Lisieux, about 1835, Eugenie met Fr. Pierre-Nicholas Sauvage, a curate at St. Jacques Church in Lisieux, who had been entrusted by his bishop with creating a new Carmelite foundation at Lisieux.  Fr. Pierre-Nicholas Sauvage, founding superior of the Lisieux CarmelHe recognized Eugenie’s vocation and spoke to her about the proposed new Carmel.  The prospect of joining it filled her with happiness and hope.  This foundation was the dream of two sisters, Athalie and Desiree Gosselin, of Le Havre, and Fr. Sauvage was to become its first “Superior.”[8]  You may read the dramatic full story of the foundation and of the incredible obstacles Fr. Sauvage and the founders overcame at the Narrative of the Foundation of the Carmel of Lisieux by the hand of Mother Genevieve.  (Much of the information below is drawn from that document).  The stumbling blocks the founders faced, and the acute poverty in which they started, are a story worthy of St. Teresa of Avila.

Finally the Carmel of Poitiers, where Sister Genevieve of St. Therese was then novice mistress, agreed to receive the postulants for the new foundation, and, once the young women had been trained at Poitiers, to lend two experienced nuns  to help establish the foundation at Lisieux.  The Gosselin sisters, who had pledged their fortune to endow the new house, and Caroline Gueret, another young woman from Lisieux, arrived at Poitiers and received the habit on April 26, 1837.  The Carmel of PoitiersEugenie preferred to finish out the year at the school where she was teaching at Lisieux.  In July, she made a retreat at another Carmel, which confirmed her vocation so powerfully that she wanted to join her companions at Poitiers.  Fr. Sauvage persuaded her to wait until the nuns arrived in Lisieux.  She visited her brother and her extended family in Brittany to say good-by.  In February 1838 she made a retreat at Notre Dame de la Delivrande (known in English as “Our Lady of Ransom”) and another retreat at the “Community of Charity.”  She was in Lisieux to receive the group from Poitiers in March.

Fr. Sauvage had first hoped to buy a property for the Carmelites in the “Nouveau Monde” (the "New World") neighborhood on the heights outside the city, where Les Buissonnets, the villa Louis Martin leased for his family in 1877, would stand.  After many frustrations, he had no choice but to settle for a modest house and garden in town, on rue de Livarot (today called rue Carmel) in the valley of the Orbiquet River.  The spot is low, marshy, and unhealthy.  It was a small house standing on that part of the property where later the extern sisters lived (to the right of the present-day entrance to the public chapel).  The building of the monastery, completed later under the direction of Mother Marie de Gonzague, Therese’s first prioress, would take 40 years.

Eugenie receives the founders at Lisieux

While the construction necessary to turn the house into a monastery was being done, the Carmelites had been offered shelter by a widow, Mme. Le Boucher, whom Father Sauvage had interested in the foundation.  Eugenie Lerecourt helped to prepare their quarters in Mme Le Boucher’s house on the rue Beuvilliers.  The Poitiers community sent Mother Elisabeth of Saint-Louis, 62, as prioress and Sister Genevieve of St. Teresa, 32, as sub-prioress and novice mistress.  Mother Genevieve about 1860The three novices who had been formed at Poitiers but were to be professed at Lisieux were the Gosselin sisters (Athalie, 30, named Sister Teresa of St. Joseph; Desiree, 26, Sister Marie of the Cross); and Caroline Gueret, now 21, Sister St. John of the Cross.  Fr. Sauvage escorted the little group from Poitiers, and, after an adventurous, uncomfortable journey, they reached Lisieux in the pouring rain at four o’clock in the morning on March 15, 1838.  Eugenie was waiting for them at the station hotel with Mme. LeBoucher.  To Fr. Sauvage’s distress, his arrangements for a carriage to transport the nuns and their baggage to their temporary quarters had fallen through, and Eugenie could supply only a cart with a tarpaulin nailed over it.  The cart would not hold the baggage, so Eugenie, trembling with anxiety, was forced to wait alone at the hotel to guard their luggage until the cart could return for a second trip.  Meanwhile the other nuns huddled under the tarpaulin for the bumpy ride to their new home. Mother Elisabeth sat on a chair, frightened that she would be thrown to the right, to the left, or on the ground.  Laughing and crying, they reached their new lodgings.  The first lodgings of the Carmelites in Lisieux

Although Eugenie was not yet with them, she had told Mme Le Boucher not to say a word to the nuns because Carmelites kept silence at night.  Because Eugenie had with her the keys to the room where the nuns were to sleep, Fr. Sauvage could not show them to their bedrooms, so they were obliged to remain with the silent widow.  The silence of their hostess disconcerted Fr. Sauvage so much that he soon took his leave.  Eugenie eventually arrived, and, since the novices had been up all night, Mother Elisabeth asked Eugenie to show them to the room where they were to sleep.  The lock to the room was in poor condition, and it took Eugenie more than 15 minutes to get it open and show them their quarters: a room even poorer than their attic bedroom in Poitiers, with a ceiling so shaky that, if anyone walked in the attic above, pieces of the clay ceiling fell on the beds.   The tiny provisional quarters (located on the second floor and attic of the widow’s house) are described in the history of the monastery.  The small chapel was properly equipped, and, before the nuns arrived, Father Sauvage offered the first Mass there and reserved the Blessed Sacrament.  Eugenie was present.

The formal ecclesiastical establishment of the Carmel of Lisieux

Although the quarters were small, the foundation was established with high hopes and in accord with all the proceedings of the Church.  The bishop of Bayeux designated his vicar-general, Rev. Abbot Falize, to receive the Carmelites in his name and to install them in their temporary home.  Fr. Falize made a special visit to Lisieux for this purpose, and, in the little chapel, offered Mass, first singing the “Veni Creator.”  In the evening Father Sauvage, who had been too exhausted by the all-night journey to be present, returned with the vicar-general, who gave Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, chanted the Te Deum, and afterward gave an exhortation to the nuns in their small choir.  He designated Father Sauvage as their ecclesiastical superior, chaplain, and ordinary confessor.  The hearts of all present were full of joy and thanksgiving.

Eugenie, the first postulant, becomes Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus

The statue called "St. Joseph of the novitiate"Four days later, on the feast of Saint Joseph, Eugenie Lerecourt, now 29 years old, was received as a postulant, taking the name of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus.  Louis-Francois Robin, bishop of Bayeux from 1836-1855Work on the convent proper continued, and Bishop Robin celebrated the first Mass there on August 24, 1838.  The nuns took possession on September 5, 1838.  Eleven days later, the three novices formed at Poitiers made their vows.  A month after that, on October 16, 1838, Sister Saint-Joseph received the habit of Carmel.  On November 20, 1839, she was professed. 

Her Carmelite life: loving and hidden

Little more is known of her Carmelite life.  With a humility which caused a loss to history, Sister Saint-Joseph asked for no “circular” (a brief account of the life and vocation of a nun which accompanied the announcement of her death to other French Carmels) other than a request for the prayers of her Order. 

The Chronicle of the monastery says only: 

What she was in our beloved monastery, only those who knew her could tell us. Scrupulous but also very obedient, her superiors only had to say, "Go in peace ... I will take care of it." Sister St. Joseph blossomed and we could see her go to Jesus with these simple words.[9]

The Carmelites called her “good, charitable, especially loving for the novices . . . knowing how to do for them small tricks for fun. . . . . The forty-third novice . . . will be called Therese Martin.”[10]  Therese Martin, April 1888, aged 15By the time Therese entered on April 9, 1888, Sister Saint-Joseph, then 79, and Mother Genevieve were the only witnesses of the foundation then living at Lisieux Carmel.  (Sister St. John of the Cross had left to staff the Carmel of Saigon and then to refound the Carmel in Caen.  Sister Marie of the Cross had died).  When Therese entered, Sister Saint-Joseph had been completely deaf for several years.  They could only smile at each other!

Sister Saint-Joseph’s golden jubilee: November 20, 1889

Nineteen months after Therese entered, Sister Saint-Joseph celebrated the 50th jubilee of her Profession.  Because of her deafness, she asked to be dispensed from the usual High Mass in the chapel with a special sermon (to which the public would have been invited) and the parlor visit.  Her great feast was celebrated in the intimacy of the cloister.  The two songs written and sung for the occasion (recreational songs, not hymns) give a glimpse of some highlights of her half century in Carmel. 

The community’s song to its jubilarian

The whole community sang to the jubilarian the lyrics Therese’s sister Pauline, Sister Agnes of Jesus, wrote, to the tune of “I Am a Christian.”  Sister Agnes teased Father Olivier, Eugenie’s first sponsor, who had been frightened of allowing someone believed to have tuberculosis to embrace the austere life of Carmel. The nuns chanted that she had lived 50 years on the vegetarian diet of Carmel.  They recall the solemn and funny adventures of the Foundation, now obviously part of the monastery’s oral tradition: Eugenie’s presence at the first Mass on the vigil of their arrival; her welcoming the nuns at three o’clock in the morning with the tarpaulin-covered cart; telling Madame Le Boucher not to speak to them; leaving them alone with their hostess, without the key to the bedroom, for three hours.  One day, probably when escorting the older nuns to the new monastery under construction, she was frightened that they would fall into the muddy ditch (their temporary house was on the banks of the Orbiquet River).  The song also recalled that, when, wielding the discipline (cords of a small whip with which the nuns scourged themselves on certain days), Sister Saint-Joseph was so lacking in skill that the discipline went whirring toward the altar, where it was about to be incensed.  The song suggests that the young nun's humorous adventures distracted the community so much that she was asked to apply herself more seriously or to leave the Carmel. She became more serious, but one day, alas, in the refectory, she fell while holding the bottles (probably of cider).  The "Virgin of the Fountain," a reputedly miraculous statue dating from the time of the foundationThe lyrics seem to suggest that Sister Saint-Joseph was especially devoted to a statue known as the "Virgin of the staircase."  When the construction of the monastery made it necessary to move the statue, she was so distressed that the prioress promised to find a new niche for it.  

Evidently one day a man wanted to buy a cap, but she heard him improperly and told him she had no carrots!  From then on Sister Saint-Joseph accepted her deafness.  This funny song to the deaf “doyenne” of the monastery ends gently:

You hear nothing from the earth
But you have the songs of heaven.
To the little, God is not harsh,
But sweeter than a honeycomb.
Obtain for us the spirit of childhood,
and let us keep it forever.
At the word of obedience,
Ah! may we go in peace.[11]

The nuns remembered how Sister Saint-Joseph would obey when told to go in peace.  Perhaps prophetically, they asked her to bless them with the “spirit of childhood” (Pauline’s phrase, “l’esprit d’enfance”), for which their Carmel would become famous.  Although the jubilarian could not hear the words of the song, she laughed heartily, knowing that they were celebrating her early mistakes and adventures.

The novices’ loving song to the dean of the monastery

In the evening, the novices usually sang a playful and tender song to the jubilarian.  Sister Marie of the Angels, their mistress, composed lyrics to the tune of “Mercy, my God.”  Sister Therese of the Child Jesus, novice, 1889Therese joined in singing of the novices’ love for Sister Saint-Joseph, who was always “good and friendly,” who liked to tease them, but even more to tell them about Jesus.  They sang of how she had been the first postulant to join the foundation and had “met the mothers in an elegant car” to take them to the poverty of Bethlehem.  They celebrated her virtues, her fervor, her spirit of faith, how humble and loving she was, how her face shone with happiness.

Sister Saint-Joseph returns to God: January 2, 1892

A little more than two years later, Sister Saint-Joseph witnessed the death of Mother Genevieve, her novice mistress and companion in the foundation.  She survived the founder by less than a month.  Five days after the epidemic reached the Carmel, the oldest woman in the house became its victim.  Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, the first postulant, returned to God on the morning of January 2, 1892, Therese’s nineteenth birthday. At the age of 82, Sister Saint-Joseph had spent 52 years as a Carmelite of Lisieux.  Writing about the epidemic in 1895, at age 22, Therese commented: “My nineteenth birthday was celebrated with a death.”  This death was very peaceful.  Sister Saint-Joseph, whose father had been a policeman and whose teacher had beaten her, had always feared   Fr. Louis-Auguste Youf, chaplain to the Carmelites from 1873 until 1897

the great terrors of death, and they were spared her.  “All justice must be fulfilled,” she used to say, but the good God at this supreme moment lavished with consolations this soul so simple and religious. We could hear our dear sister calling Jesus, there was no need to stimulate her acts of love or abandonment. Her death throes were a continual prayer, and it was sweet to be near her, one felt a soul worthy of going to unite with God.  Our dedicated chaplain also kept saying to our dear Sister these consoling words: "Go to heaven! ..." And yes, it is the unanimous cry of all of us: "Our good Sister Saint-Joseph went straight to Heaven!”[12]

This was a bold statement for 1892, when many believed that even the most fervent nuns would go first to Purgatory.  That same day Pauline, who was also ill, announced the death of Sister Saint-Joseph in a brief note to Celine:

Our poor Mother {Gonzague] is very tired, her face would make you tremble… Pray for her!

This morning, Sr. St. Joseph left to join Mother Geneviève.  Tell Uncle and Aunt. We are very upset…[13]

Sister Saint-Joseph’s brief obituary circular; her funeral Mass

Mother Gonzague respected Sister Saint-Joseph’s request that no biography be included in the notice of her death.  From her own sickbed the prioress wrote to announce the death of the community’s first postulant, calling Sister Saint-Joseph a

“soul filled with simplicity and innocence, a real old style example of the first daughters of Our Mother Saint Teresa and whose death, like the humble and hidden life, leaves us with great peace and the sweet assurance of her happiness.”[14] 

 Sister Saint-Joseph’s funeral Mass was set for Tuesday morning, January 5, at the Carmel.  The evening before, another nun died (see part 5, to come).  On the day of the funeral Celine Martin, who attended (doubtless accompanied by Leonie and the Guerin family), wrote to her cousin, Jeanne La Neele, at Caen:

Dear little Jeanne,

Since you left us on Sunday, I have not much cheerful news to tell you. On the contrary, there is plenty of sad news.

The poor Carmel is right now a prey to the influenza epidemic, the plague is raging there in full force. This morning we were at the burial of the religious who died on Saturday . . . . [15]   

One can imagine how Therese loved this kind, friendly Sister who could not understand a word Therese might say, but whose face radiated goodness, and how Therese revered her as a true daughter of St. Teresa who had participated fully in the hardships of the establishment of the Carmel.  So humble and so hidden, she was the first to disappear in the pandemic. 

The oldest and the youngest sisters in the Lisieux Carmel: Sister Saint-Joseph joins with Therese to obtain a favor for Madame L.

Interestingly, outside the Carmel Sister Saint-Joseph was not forgotten.  On April 13, 1983, Madame L. wrote to the Lisieux Carmel that Sister Saint-Joseph had joined with St. Therese to obtain a favor for her family.[16]  Madame L. was a native of Eugenie Lerecourt’s birthplace, Saint-Meen-le-Grand.  Her son-in-law was unemployed.  On the very day she learned that he was to apply to a place where it was very hard to get a job, she read in a magazine published at Lisieux about Sister Saint-Joseph, who had been born in her own home town.  Every day Madame L. prayed to Sister Saint-Joseph and to St. Therese, and on March 19, the anniversary of Sister Saint-Joseph’s entering Carmel and the feast day of her patron saint, her son-in-law received a letter asking him to report for an interview, and he was hired.  It seems that the oldest and the youngest sisters in Carmel, whose relationship was one of silence on earth, had joined to obtain blessings from God for this family.  

Note: I should like especially to acknowledge the generosity of the Carmelite nuns of Lisieux and of the Association of the Friends of St. Therese and of her Carmel, who for many years have invested so much energy in digitizing their treasured archives and making them available to the world. Without this extraordinary gift, it would have been impossible to write anything about Sister Saint-Joseph. 

[1] I should like to acknowledge that almost all the information below is drawn from the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.  To learn Sister Saint-Joseph’s full story, please consult the three articles I’ve listed in the separate "references" section of this blog entry.  I am also indebted to the Carmel for most of the illustrations.

[2] Like Therese’s mother and father, Eugenie was the daughter of a soldier.

[3] Zelie’s father had also become a policeman when he returned to civilian life.

[4] Biography of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, paragraph 3, at http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus/biographie.  Accessed 5/24/2020.

[5] This is the very hospital in which Therese’s father, St. Louis Martin, would be interned in 1889.

[6] Therese’s sister Leonie became a nun of the Visitation of Caen from 1899-1941.

[7] Wikipedia, “Couvent de la Visitation de Caen,” https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couvent_de_la_Visitation_de_Caen. Accessed 5/24/2020.

[8] That is, the priest who was the “ecclesiastical superior” of the monastery and was accountable to the bishop for its smooth operation.  This position is distinct from the role of prioress; the nuns elected their own prioress, known as “Our Mother.”  The “ecclesiastical superior” when Therese entered, who was still in office when Sister Saint-Joseph died, was Canon Jean-Baptiste Delatroette; the nuns referred to him as “our Father Superior”).

[9] Biography of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus/biographie, accessed May 25, 2020. 

[10] Ibid.

[11] My translation, from the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux at http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-jesus/biographie, accessed 5/26/2020.  Translation copyright Maureen O’Riordan 2020.  All rights reserved.

[12] Biography of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus/biographie, accessed May 26, 2020.

[13] Letter of Sister Agnes of Jesus to Celine Martin, January 2, 1892, on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.  http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/janvier-1892/3588-de-soeur-agnes-de-jesus-a-celine-2-janvier-1892, accessed May 25, 2020.

[14] The circular of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.  http://archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus/circulaire-de-sr-st-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus, accessed May 25, 2020.  Note how these lines foreshadow what Therese would later write about her novice mistress, Sister Marie of the Angels:  "Our novice mistress was really a saint, the finished product of the first Carmelites." (Story of a Soul, 3rd edition, tr. John Clarke, O.C.D.  Washington, D.C.: Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, 1996, p. 151).

[15] Letter from Celine Martin to Jeanne La Neele, January 5, 1892, on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux: http://www.archives-carmel lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/janvier-1892/2835-de-celine-a-jeanne-la-neele-5-janvier-1892, accessed May 25, 2020.

[16] Letter from Madame L. to the prioress of the Lisieux Carmel, April 13, 1983, on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/saint-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus/document-miracle-de-sr-st-joseph-de-j%C3%A9sus, accessed 5/26/2020.

The nuns follow in procession as the Blessed Sacrament is brought to a sick nun in the Lisieux Carmel.

How the influenza pandemic disrupted the community life of the Lisieux Carmel

We adjourned on Sunday, January 2, 1892, when, five days after the epidemic reached the Carmel, Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus died.  I want to look for a moment at how dramatically life at Carmel had changed between Tuesday, December 28, 1891, when the first nuns got sick, and Saturday, January 2, when Sister Saint-Joseph, the first fatality, died.  The monastery’s chronicle reads, in part:

“The influenza epidemic raged in our region with force.  On December 28, Holy Innocents, several of our sisters had to take to their beds.  When we saw our good Sister St. Joseph, eighty-three, seized by this terrible sickness, we had no doubt that the Lord would find her ripe for heaven.  We then mourned the departure of Mother Subprioress, Sister  Febronie of the Holy Childhood, and Sister Madeleine: three coffins in eight days!  . . . . Our Reverend Mother was very sick, all our sisters confined to bed; never in the annals of our Carmel had we seen the like.  At the burial of our two Sisters, hardly six or seven were present, and then at the cost of a great effort on their part!  Only the three youngest of the entire Community were not stricken by this epidemic . . . . What Community life! no more office in choir, no prayer, no reading in the refectory, no bells rung for religious exercises.  Death was hanging over us! . . .”  (Foundation III, p. 206).  The three youngest were:  Sister Marie of the Sacred Heart, infirmarian, Therese, sacristan, and Marthe, cook. 

cited in Letters of Saint Therese of Llisieux, Volume II, 1890-1896, tr. John Clarke, O.C.D.  (Washington, D.C.: Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, 1988, p. 747, footnote 1). 

In fact, there were three coffins in six days.  By Sunday, December 31, half the community was sick in bed, and most of the others followed.  It seems that Mass continued to be offered, but Therese and her sister Marie, the only choir sisters who were not sick in bed, could not continue to chant the Divine Office.  For the first time, the community’s life was completely suspended, even more so than during the War of 1870 when many sisters returned to their families or sought refuge in other Carmels until they could safely return.  Just as with us in 2020, the lives of the individual nuns and of the community were disrupted very suddenly.

All the nuns in positions of leadership were too sick to function.  The prioress was confined to bed; the subprioress died; the other councilors were sick.  Everything fell on the three youngest sisters, who cared for the sick, washed the dead and prepared them for burial, and communicated with the doctor, the chaplain, and the outside world.  Such communications were more frequent when three funerals had to be arranged and when, while the epidemic raged in Lisieux, the requests for prayers must have multiplied.  Sister Stanislas, the first sacristan, was among the stricken, and Therese had to prepare the sacred vessels, open the grilles for Mass, and arrange the funerals. 

After we have examined all the events of the pandemic at Carmel, we shall return to the question of how Therese reacted to this disruption and what we can learn from her. Meanwhile, we will look at the three Carmelites who died in the first week of January 1892.

“The good old Sisters”

The marvelously informative Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, which I recommend highly, offers a section about the Carmelites who lived with Therese.   The section divides the nuns into different groups.  One such group is “the good old Sisters.”  The Carmelites tell us that these elders were very helpful in integrating young women into the community, acting

“a bit like good grandmothers, acting as a buffer between the demands of the experienced sisters who keep the community running smoothly and even the management of the community. Having a little more time to themselves, whether because of infirmities or something else, they take care of the young in their own way, available for a smile, a kind word, for comfort.” 

The members of this group were Mother Genevieve of St. Teresa, Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood, and Sister Madeleine of the Blessed Sacrament.   On December 4, 1891, all of them were living.  By January 7, 1892, all four were dead.  Thus, the pandemic not only killed three of the 25 nuns—one of almost every eight women in the community—but also, together with the death in December of the founder, Mother Genevieve, stripped away an entire layer of the community: its wisdom figures, including the only two living connections with its foundation in 1838.  Except for Mother Genevieve, we will hear little of them later on.  But, for her first three years and nine months in Carmel, Therese had lived with all of them.  Their lives, as well as their deaths, affected her and the whole community, so I want to examine them.  Part 4 of this series will consider the life and death of Sister Saint-Joseph of Jesus, the first postulant of the Lisieux Carmel.

___________________________________________________

The extract from the monastery's chronicle above, which depicts what life was like in the Lisieux Carmel during the outbreak, is only one of many gems in the second volume of Therese's letters. This book is one of the very best ways to get to know Therese, the people with whom she lived, and the world in which she lived.  Although the volume is not brief, it's easy, if you like, to begin only with Therese's letters and to skip over those written by others until they come to interest you.  The introductions to each section, referring you to the relevant passages in Story of a Soul, and the notes make the book much more readable. Although Story of a Soul has the grace of emotion recollected in tranquility, the letters are immediate and spontaneous.

Asian Flu epidemic of 1889-90 In Paris patients are treated in a supplemental tent hospital A nurse attends to several patients during the winter of 1889-90.

St. Therese of Lisieux and the Influenza Pandemic of 1891-1892

Part 2: Context

 Saint Therese of Lisieux also lived through a sudden and deadly pandemic in 1891-1892.  In 2020, what can we learn from how she responded?

The external facts are simple: a pandemic of influenza swept the world, reaching the Carmelite monastery in Lisieux just after Christmas in 1891.  Only the three youngest of the 25 nuns (including Therese, then 18) escaped infection.  In six days, the three oldest nuns in the community died of it.  During the epidemic, Therese took on many new responsibilities.  In her memoir she wrote briefly but eloquently about this experience.

The “Asiatic flu” pandemic

The pandemic that affected the Lisieux Carmel was a recurrence of the deadly “Asiatic flu” or “Russian flu” pandemic first reported in Russia in 1889.  The last great pandemic of the 19^th century, it killed more than a million patients around the world.  The pandemic was heavily covered in the newspapers, which sound eerily reminiscent of today: hospitals so overcrowded that they pitch tents in public parks; the funeral homes unable to cope with the many dead.

Although airplane travel was not in question, the epidemic circled the globe in four months. This influenza peaked in St. Petersburg on December 1, 1889 and in the United States during the week of January 12, 1890.  The first outbreak ravaged France at the end of 1889 and the beginning of 1890.  It recurred several times from 1891-1895: the outbreak at Lisieux was part of the second recurrence.[i]  Influenza invaded the Carmel right after Christmas in 1891.

The context of Therese’s life at that time

The time leading up to the pandemic contained only a few important events for Therese.  (See my page “The Hidden Years”).  Since February 12, 1889 her father Louis had been interned in a mental asylum, the Bon Saveur, in Caen.  Her sisters Leonie and Celine had joined the household of their maternal uncle and aunt, Isidore and Celine Guerin, in Lisieux.  Every week they visited their three sisters in Carmel and their father at the Bon Sauveur.  Although Therese did not know it yet, Louis would return to Lisieux permanently in May 1892. 

Professed on September 8, 1890, Therese was still living in the novitiate for the three years of continuing formation then customary for the recently vowed.  Her sisters Marie and Pauline were her seniors in Carmel.  Mother Marie de Gonzague was prioress, as she had been since Therese’s entry.  About February 10, 1891,[ii] Therese was named assistant to Sister Stanislaus of the Sacred Hearts [of Jesus and Mary][iii], the sacristan, who, because Therese was slow in finishing her tasks, affectionately nicknamed her “Little Sister Amen.”  During the epidemic Therese was second sacristan. 

In these same months the life of the community had been relatively quiet.  During the rainy summer of 1891, Mother Genevieve of St. Teresa, revered as the founder of the Lisieux Carmel, celebrated her diamond jubilee (the 60^th anniversary of her profession) on July 22.[iv]  The next day Celine refused her persistent suitor, Henry Maudelonde.[v]  On September 11, Isidore and Celine Guerin celebrated their silver wedding anniversary.[vi]  In October (probably from October 7 through October 15), Fr. Alexis Prou, a Franciscan priest, preached the community’s annual retreat.  Therese’s encounter with him in the confessional was liberating for her [Web site of the Lisieux Carmel Archives]; later, she would write “He launched me full sail upon the waves of confidence and love . . . .”    That same week, on October 10, Fr. Maurice-Joseph Reverony, Bishop Hugonin’s vicar-general, who had introduced Therese and her father to the bishop at Bayeux on October 31, 1887 and had presented the Martins to Pope Leo XIII on November 20, 1887, died at Caen.[vii]  In the end, he had been instrumental in opening the doors of Carmel to Therese.  On November 24, 1891, the community celebrated the tricentenary of the death of St. John of the Cross.[viii]  That anniversary was marked by a resurgence of interest in John in France, and Therese later wrote: “At the ages of seventeen and eighteen, I read no one else.”[ix]   Fr. Deodat de Basly, a Franciscan, preached a triduum, and Bishop Hugonin entered the cloister and showered Therese with caresses.  

Mother Genevieve of St. Teresa dies

On December 5, 1891, Mother Genevieve died.  It was the first time Therese had seen someone die.  She wrote:

“It was the first time I had assisted at a death and really the spectacle was ravishing . . . at the moment itself of our saintly Mother Genevieve’s birth in heaven . . . . in the twinkling of an eye I experienced an inexpressible joy and fervor; it was as though Mother Genevieve had imparted to me a little of the happiness she was enjoying, for I was convinced she went straight to heaven.”[x] 

Mother Genevieve was truly venerated as a saint; even Dr. de Corniere, when he extracted a tooth from her mouth, kept it as a relic.[xi]  As was usual in Carmel, when Mother Genevieve entered into her agony the community gathered at her bedside to help her with their prayers; Therese was placed at the foot of Mother Genevieve’s bed, where she remained for two hours, until the founder died.  Witnessing this death might well have prepared Therese for the experience of the deaths of three lesser known sisters,  under very different circumstances, only a few weeks later. These nuns died not in the infirmary, but in their cells; almost all the sisters were sick, and “as soon as a Sister breathed her last, we were obliged to leave her alone.”[xii]  We shall return to Therese’s experience of death during the epidemic. . 

In a growing trend toward secularism in France, the civil authorities had begun to refuse to allow religious communities to bury their deceased members on their own grounds.  Fearing that the body of the founder would not be left with them, the nuns decided to preserve her heart in formaldehyde so that they would have one major relic at least near which to pray.  In the end, after a  delay of several weeks, the town council consented to a burial "in house," and Mother Genevieve’s body was entombed in the sanctuary of the Carmel chapel  on December 23.[xiii]

The pandemic ravages the Carmel

Five days later, influenza came to the Carmel.  According to the Chronicle of the Foundation, on December 28, the feast of the Holy Innocents, several nuns had to take to their beds.[xiv]  By December 31, 12 of the 25 nuns were sick.[xv]  Dr. de Corniere, who would later treat Therese in her last sickness, was overwhelmed with work, but he came twice a day to care for the Carmelites.[xvi]  On the evening of December 31, Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood, subprioress, showed her first symptoms as she returned from escorting Dr. de Corniere to the enclosure door.[xvii]  On January 2, 1892, Therese’s 19^th birthday, Sister St. Joseph of Jesus, the oldest nun in the house and the first postulant of the Lisieux community, died.[xviii]

For the rest of the story, stay tuned.

For Part 1 of this series, a timeline of the influenza pandemic at Lisieux Carmel, click the blue button:

Notes:

[i] Wikipedia, “1889-1890 flu pandemic.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1889%E2%80%931890_flu_pandemic, accessed 5/19/2020.

[ii] Story of a Soul, 3^rd edition, tr. John Clarke, O.C.D.  (Washington, D.C.: Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, Inc., 1996, p. 283).

[iii] For more about Sister Saint Stanislas, including her brief statement in 1906 about her observations of Therese’s virtue, see http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-soeurs-dexperience/stanislas-des-sts-coeurs/circulaire-de-stanislas 

[iv] Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II, 1890-1897.  Tr. John Clarke, O.C.D.  (Washington, D.C.: Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, 1988, p. 733, note 1).

[v] Letters, Volume II, p. 733, note 2.

[vi] Letters, Volume II, p. 735

[vii] Letters, Volume II, p. 1316

[viii] Letters, Volume II, p. 737.

[ix] Story of a Soul, p. 179.

[x] Story of a Soul, p. 170.

[xi] Sainte Therese de Lisieux (1873-1897), by Guy Gaucher, O.C.D.  (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2011, p. 349). 

[xii] Story of a Soul, p. 171.

[xiii] Sainte Therese de Lisieux (1873-1897), Gaucher, p. 349.

[xiv] Cited in Letters, Volume II, p. 747, note 1.

[xv] "Biography of Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood," http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/f%C3%A9bronie/biographie, paragraph 7 of the section “With Therese,” accessed 5/19/2020.

[xvi] Gaucher, p. 351.

[xvii] Circular of Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood, Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/f%C3%A9bronie/circulaire-de-f%C3%A9bronie, accessed 5/19/2020.

[xviii] "Biography of Sister Febronie of the Holy Childhood," Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux, http://www.archives-carmel-lisieux.fr/english/carmel/index.php/les-bonnes-vieilles/f%C3%A9bronie/biographie, accessed 5/19/2020.

The banner of St. Therese is carried into St. Peter's Basilica in Rome at her canonization ceremony, May 17, 1925. Credit: Wikipedia, Exorcisio Te, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CC-BY-SA-4.0

St. Therese’s Canonization Ceremony

St. Therese of the Child Jesus was canonized in Rome on May 17, 1925, 95 years ago today.  The New York Times reported that at least 25,000 French and fully 15,000 American pilgrims were present for the six-hour ceremony.  The basilica held almost 60,000 pilgrims, and 200,000 more waited in the square outside.  For the first time, loudspeakers were installed in the Basilica, so that all the pilgrims crowded inside (many of whom could not see the sanctuary) were able to hear the Pope’s every word.  This innovation was a big success.

Outer Facade of Basilica Illumined for the First Time Since 1870

Countless electric lights had been installed in the basilica for the ceremony.  The newspapers reported extensively that that night, for the first time since 1870, the outer façade of St. Peter’s was illumined. 

The illumination was done entirely with thousands of torches and lanterns, which, flickering in the breeze, gave the impression that the whole basilica was enveloped in a curtain of fire.  It is estimated that this beautiful scene was witnessed  by about a million people.

The New York Times, May 18, 1925, p. 2.

The illumination was considered a step toward the reconciliation of the church and the Italian state, for it was the first time the facade pf the Basilica had been lit up since the Pope became a voluntary “prisoner in the Vatican” after the Italian government declared war on the Papal States in 1870.

Recreate St. Therese's Canonization Ceremony for Yourself

Although the rest of  this aritcle may look like a mere list of links, it is in fact, the key to a powerful interactive experience of the canonization.  To respect the intellectual property of others, I can't reproduce everything on this page, but, merely by clicking the links, you can access a vivid sense of what the pilgrims experienced 95 years ago today.

A Contemporary Eyewitness Account of St. Therese's Canonization

For a contemporary eyewitness account from Australia, which gives the reader  the sense of being present, please read "Over 60,000 at St. Therese's Canonization.  His Holiness Proclaims New Glory of Carmel.  All Nations Represented at the Happy and Impressive Event" from the Freeman's Journal (Sydney, New South Wales, July 2, 1925). 

Photographs of St. Therese's Canonization

See photographs of the celebrations at Lisieux and at Rome on the Web site of the Archives of the Carmel of Lisieux.

The Bull of Canonization for St. Therese

• To recreate the ceremony, read the Bull of Canonization.  (Thanks to the Catholic Forum and the Internet Archive).

• Also see a beautiful illuminated parchment of the Bull of Canonization.  It escaped the flames when Lisieux was bombed in 1944, but the parchment is twisted from the effects of the intense heat.  (Thanks to the Web site of the Archves of the Carmel of Lisieux). 

The Homily of Pope Pius XI at St. Therese's Canonization

See the text of the homily of Pope Pius XI. (Thanks to the Catholic Forum and the Internet Archive).  That afternoon Pope Pius, who remained extraordinarily devoted to St.Therese until his death, told Dennis Cardinal Dougherty of Philadelphia that it was the happiest day of his life.  After the tiring six-hour canonization ceremony, he returned to the Basilica later in the afternoon to venerate St. Therese.  There many of the 200,000 pilgrims who could not gain admittance in the morning had the joy of praying with him.

A Detailed Account of St. Therese's Canonization Day by John Beevers

 For a full account of the whole occasion, see this excerpt from John Beevers' book Storm of Glory: The Story of St.Therese of Lisieux.  (Thanks to Hathitrust for digitizing the book).  John Beevers was a British laywan who had a great love for St. Therese, translated her autobiography, and wrote two other books about her.  I am greatly in his debt, for I believe that it's he who introduced me and many others to St. Therese.

On April 25, 1897, St. Therese wrote, contrasting her mission with that of St. Joan of Arc:

I understood my missionwas not to have a mortal King crowned but to make the King of heaven loved, to submit to Him the Kingdom of hearts.1 

On this anniversary of St. Therese's canonization, when the whole world has such need of her way of confidence and love, let's canonize her afresh in our hearts. Above all, let's surrender our hearts to her Beloved so that we, too, can fulfill her only desire: "to love Jesus and to make Him loved."

Notes:

1.  Letters of St. Therese of Lisieux, Volume II, 1890-1897.  Tr. John Clarke, O.C.D. (Washington, D.C., Washington Province of Discalced Carmelites, Inc., p. 1085).